近日，欧盟就监管人工智能的使用公布了一项法律框架“Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) And Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts”，即《人工智能法》。该框架下的一系列法规概述了企业和政府应如何使用人工智能技术，包括限制警方在公共场合使用人脸识别软件、禁止某些类别的人工智能系统等，成为迄今为止在该方面涉及范围最广泛的行动之一。

其中关于信用评分的内容翻译如下：

“另一个需要特别考虑使用人工智能系统的领域是获得和享受某些基本的私人和公共服务以及人们充分参与社会或提高生活水平所必需的福利。特别是，用于评估自然人信用评分或信用度（Creditworthiness）的人工智能系统应归类为高风险人工智能系统，因为它们决定了这些人获得金融资源或基本服务（如住房、电力和电信服务）的机会。

用于此目的的人工智能系统可能会导致对个人或群体的歧视，并使历史歧视模式永久化，例如基于种族或民族血统、残疾、年龄、性取向，或产生新形式的歧视性影响。考虑到影响的规模非常有限，市场上可用的替代方案，当小规模供应商自用时，出于信用评估和信用评分的目的，豁免人工智能系统是合适的。向公共当局申请或接受公共援助福利和服务的自然人通常依赖这些福利和服务，并且相对于负责当局处于弱势地位。如果使用人工智能系统来确定这些福利和服务是否应该被当局拒绝、减少、撤销或收回，它们可能会对人们的生计产生重大影响，并可能侵犯他们的基本权利，例如社会保护权、非歧视、人的尊严或有效的补救措施。

因此，这些系统应归类为高风险。尽管如此，该法规不应妨碍公共行政中创新方法的开发和使用，如果这些系统不会对法人和自然人造成高风险，则这些方法将受益于更广泛地使用合规和安全的人工智能系统.最后，用于调度或在调度紧急第一响应服务时确定优先级的 AI 系统也应归类为高风险，因为它们在非常危急的情况下对人员及其财产的生命和健康做出决策。”

英文原文如下：

“Another area in which the use of AI systems deserves special consideration is the access to and enjoyment of certain essential private and public services and benefits necessary for people to fully participate in society or to improve one’s standard of living. In particular, AI systems used to evaluate the credit score or creditworthiness of natural persons should be classified as high-risk AI systems, since they determine those persons’ access to financial resources or essential services such as housing, electricity, and telecommunication services. AI systems used for this purpose may lead to discrimination of persons or groups and perpetuate historical patterns of discrimination, for example based on racial or ethnic origins, disabilities, age, sexual orientation, or create new forms of discriminatory impacts. Considering the very limited scale of the impact and the available alternatives on the market, it is appropriate to exempt AI systems for the purpose of creditworthiness assessment and credit scoring when put into service by small-scale providers for their own use. Natural persons applying for or receiving public assistance benefits and services from public authorities are typically dependent on those benefits and services and in a vulnerable position in relation to the responsible authorities. If AI systems are used for determining whether such benefits and services should be denied, reduced, revoked or reclaimed by authorities, they may have a significant impact on persons’ livelihood and may infringe their fundamental rights, such as the right to social protection, non- discrimination, human dignity or an effective remedy. Those systems should therefore be classified as high-risk. Nonetheless, this Regulation should not hamper the development and use of innovative approaches in the public administration, which would stand to benefit from a wider use of compliant and safe AI systems, provided that those systems do not entail a high risk to legal and natural persons. Finally, AI systems used to dispatch or establish priority in the dispatching of emergency first response services should also be classified as high-risk since they make decisions in very critical situations for the life and health of persons and their property. ”

根据这项法规，欧盟将有可能对违规最严重的公司处以相当于其全球年销售额6%的罚款。

据报道，这份108页的法规如果获得通过，将对亚马逊、谷歌、Facebook和微软等投入大量资源开发人工智能的大型科技公司产生深远影响，也对其他数十家使用人工智能软件研发药物、承销保险以及评判信用度的公司带来冲击。

报道称，该法规是西方政府提出的涉猎范围最广泛的法规之一，也是欧盟扩大其全球科技强者角色影响力的一步骤。

“该法规解决了与人工智能具体使用相关的给人类和社会带来的风险。”欧盟委员会执行副总裁玛格丽特·韦斯特格表示，“我们认为这很紧急。我们是全球首个提出这一法律框架的人。”

据报道，该提案在成为正式法律之前必须同时得到代表欧盟27个国家政府的欧洲理事会和直接选举产生的欧洲议会的批准，整个过程可能需要数年时间。

专业分析

人工智能算法是个双刃剑，一方面可以提高风险预测的准确性；另外一方面也会侵犯消费者的权益，带来算法歧视和权益受侵犯。所以欧盟的《人工智能法》将人工智能在个人信用评分方面的应用列为高风险人工智能系统，需要事前评估，谨慎使用。国内金融机构和金融科技公司也在积极拥抱人工智能智能技术带来信用科技的创新和实效之外，也需要平衡保护消费者权益。

国内外媒体对于欧盟《人工智能法》和社会信用体系关联的一些报道言过其实。该草案的思路并非禁止在社会信用体系建设中使用人工智能，更不是在信用评估中禁用人工智能，而是通过标志性法规和风险评估，以确保人工智能是一项值得信赖的技术。通过制定标准和规范，我们可以为符合伦理的人工智能技术铺平道路。